2. Modular Design

Blockchain networks can be broadly categorized into two types: monolithic and modular.

• Monolithic blockchains centralize all tasks, including data availability, consensus, settlement, and transaction execution, within a single network. While this structure offers simplicity, it often leads to scalability issues, especially during periods of high transaction volumes. Ethereum, for example, has faced challenges with high fees and slower processing speeds due to its monolithic design.

• Modular blockchains, on the other hand, separate these layers—execution, settlement, and data availability—allowing each to operate independently. This design results in a more efficient and scalable system, as different tasks can be processed in parallel.

Massive is a decentralized Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) verification network that exemplifies the modular design approach. It is composed of several layers that optimize efficiency and scalability:

• ZKRollup: Handles off-chain computation to reduce the load on the main blockchain.

• Data Availability (DA): Manages off-chain transaction storage, ensuring scalability without overloading the main chain.

• ZKVaaS (Zero-Knowledge Verification as a Service): Conducts off-chain verification of transactions and states, maintaining security while minimizing on-chain activity.

• L1: Manages state updates and consensus, providing finality for verified transactions and maintaining the integrity of the network.